Alleged Israeli spy company ‘heavily targeted Starlink users’

Experts at a digital defence firm recently found an Israeli ad tech company was heavily targeting users of Starlink’s satellite internet service in a likely effort to spy on them, according to six people familiar with the matter.

Researchers at TrendAI, a unit of Tokyo-based cybersecurity company Trend Micro, concluded the Israeli company Discover-Tech was one of the biggest sources of digital ads shown to users of SpaceX’s Starlink service, and that the ads were likely being used to geolocate or otherwise surveil them, according to the six people.

The researchers, who drew on digital advertising data in TrendAI’s telemetry for their conclusions, found Discover-Tech had become one of the world’s leading bidders for ads aimed at Starlink users, and was the No 1 bidder on Starlink traffic in more than 100 countries, including several where Starlink itself was banned or restricted. Bidding refers to the complex auction system by which advertisers secure space inside people’s browsers and apps.

SpaceX did not respond to requests for comment. Discover-Tech and its CEO did not respond to requests for comment over the past two weeks.

TrendAI released a report on October 15 about the targeting of Starlink users but did not name Discover-Tech, instead saying the party responsible was “an ad tech entity” which it called “Shadow-Earth-79”. The six sources said Shadow-Earth-79 is TrendAI’s codename for Discover-Tech.

TrendAI did not directly address questions about why its report did not identify Shadow-Earth-79 by name, saying its approach to attribution was aimed at reducing the risk of mistakes and avoiding “hype-driven labels” or “unstable actor names that can mislead defenders, distort risk prioritisation and trigger inappropriate response actions”.

Finding ways to track Starlink users has become a cottage industry as governments around the world try to get a grip on the spread of satellite internet terminals. Because they route data through SpaceX-operated satellites rather than nationally regulated telecommunications firms, the terminals can sidestep local internet restrictions, communicate in hostile areas or co-ordinate action across battlefields.

Starlink has become a particularly important resource in Ukraine, whose military relies on the service for frontline communications and directing drone strikes.

In May Israeli newspaper Haaretz and the website Intelligence Online separately reported Israeli-owned businesses were pitching clients on ways to identify and track Starlink users. Haaretz said exploiting ad data appeared to play a key role in the process.

The same day TrendAI published its report on Shadow-Earth-79, Canadian cyber watchdog Citizen Lab and New York advertising technology firm Confiant outed Discover-Tech by name.

Both groups said the Israeli company abused the ad bidding process, which can leak data about internet users back to the bidder.

Over time, bidders can collect that leaked data, collate it and merge it with other information to de-anonymise users, follow them around the web and, in some cases, set them up for targeting with surveillance software.

Citizen Lab and Confiant said the ads had been shown inside dozens of sensitive networks belonging to media organisations, governments and tech firms.

In response to the investigations, Google, Comcast and other companies said they had removed Discover-Tech from their ad platforms.

At least one big US tech company and one international organisation recently launched internal inquiries into whether Discover-Tech’s ads targeted their employees, according to one of the people and a seventh person familiar with the matter.

TrendAI’s report cited suspicious bidding patterns that suggested Shadow-Earth-79 was running “targeting and tracking infrastructure rather than a commercial advertising operation”.

In addition to noting the “obvious skew” towards buying ads aimed at Starlink users, the report said Shadow-Earth-79 was the top buyer of ads in Syria, Libya, Yemen and South Sudan and was the No 2 ad buyer in Afghanistan even though “the demand for legitimate Western advertising in sanctioned or active-conflict states is effectively zero”. It said the entity won “an implausibly dominant share” of bids in several countries including Hungary, Israel, Egypt, Azerbaijan and Venezuela.

TrendAI researchers were convinced Discover-Tech was behind the suspicious bidding activity and discussed naming the company in TrendAI’s report, according to the six people familiar with the matter. However, they eventually dropped the idea of publicly attributing the activity to a named company after TrendAI executives raised legal concerns, five sources said.

Self-censorship is common in the cybersecurity industry, especially when executives fear that exposing surveillance operations could draw retribution, industry experts said.

Earlier this year, US cybersecurity company Palo Alto stripped explicit references to China from a report on a global cyberespionage campaign even though its researchers were confident the hacking could be pinned on Beijing, Reuters reported at the time.

Reuters said the report was watered down over fears that calling out China would cause problems for Palo Alto’s operations there, which were under scrutiny after a Beijing directive ordering domestic companies not to use its products.

Palo Alto said the lack of attribution in its report was not correlated with “procurement regulations in China” and any suggestion otherwise was “speculative and false”.